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Englisch

aus dem Abitur-Wissen Wiki, dem Wissensspeicher für Abiturienten.

Materialien zum Englischabitur 2007 in Baden-Württemberg mit seinem Schwerpunktthema "One language - Many voices" Materialiensammlung zu One language - Many voices

Die Hilfe mit dem Schreiben und der Untersuchung


Inhaltsverzeichnis

[Bearbeiten] United States of America

[Bearbeiten] American Dream

a thousand varieties
equal opportunities to all men, to every man his chance
“dream of a better richer and happier life”
clearly defined geographical locality (New World → USA)

[Bearbeiten] History

quarrel between the colonies and England

social (new, democratic social order), political, economic (taxes) reasons
  • e.g. 1773 – Boston Tea Party


July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence (concept by Thomas Jefferson)
  • “all men are created equal”
  • unalienable Rights: Life, Liberty, pursuit of Happiness
  • Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed
→ democracy


1787

Constitution
  • abolition of slavery
  • civil rights


1789 – 1797

Washington President

1861 – 1865

Civil War
  • secession
Confederacy (South) ↔ Union (North)
Jefferson Davis ↔ Abraham Lincoln
Robert E. Lee ↔ Grant
→ reunion


19.11.1863

Gettysburg Address
→ “one of the most moving expressions of the democratic spirit ever uttered”


April 14, 1865

assassination Abraham Lincoln


1865

Ku Klux Klan


1963

Martin Luther King – I Have a Dream, Washington
  • “all men are created equal” (Declaration of Independence)
  • freedom, brotherhood
↕
Malcolm X (minister of the Black Muslims, assassinated in 1965)
  • Sermons of Hate: Christianity only serves the interest of the white man



[Bearbeiten] Great Britain

700 BC

Celts from central Europe / southern Russia
  • ancestors of many people in Highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall
  • different tribes ruled over by a warrior class


55 BC

Julius Caesar visits “Britannia”


43 – 409 AD

Roman occupation of “Britannia”
  • → spreading of culture (Latin), civilisation
  • → Hadrian` s wall along Scottish border
  • → foundation of larger towns, large farms (“villas”)
  • → ~ 5 million population


430

invaders (Germanic tribes: Saxons, Angles, Jutes)
  • → eviction of Celts
Government and society
  • King` s Council (Witan)
→ laws and charters
→ chooses king
→ advisors (today: Privy Council)
  • “Shires” → administrative areas
  • loyalty to family → loyalty to lord and king
  • beginning of class system (king, lords, soldiers, workers)


865

invasion by Vikings from Norway, Denmark


1066

coronation of William the Conqueror (Norman)
→ occupation, destruction of England
→ feudalism
→ kingdom as personal possession


1215

Magna Charta
  • 63 articles (taxes, justice and right, private property, certain civil rights)
  • king` s will = law → “Law is king”
→ constitutional principle


1642 – 1649

civil war (absolutistic reign by Charles I. ↔ parliament)


1649 – 1658

military dictatorship by Oliver Cromwell


1660

restoration of monarchy, kings: Charles II., James II.


1679

Habeas Corpus Act
  • rights of persons accused of crimes


1688/89

bloodless “Glorious Revolution”
  • reason: fear that James II. Aimed to impose Catholicism and absolutism on England
→ William of Orange (Dutch) and his wife Mary become sovereigns


1689

Bill of Rights
→ British monarch reigns by grace of Parliament

no formal Constitution

→ Unwritten Constitution
1.) statute law
written laws
  • e.g. Bill of Rights
2.) common law
traditional, unwritten
based on judges` decisions
3.) conventions
rules that have developed during the centuries

[Bearbeiten] Ireland

Northern Ireland problem: colonial problem

colonists (Protestants): Ireland remaining in UK

natives (Catholics): unity of Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland


1603 – 1625

Scottish and English settlers in the North of Ireland


1801

Act of Union
  • Ireland becomes part of the UK
  • home rule fails


1845 – 49

Potato Famine
→ The Great Hunger
→ 1 million Irish peasants dead


1916

Easter Rising in Dublin
→ sense of nationality
→ strengthens the Irish Republican movement


1921

partition of Ireland
→ independence of Southern Ireland
→ “Irish Free State”
civil war
  • reason: Anglo-Irish Treaty → loss of Northern Ireland


1937

declaration of the Republic of Ireland (Southern Ireland)


1968

Civil Rights Movement
  • Ulster Catholics demand an end to discrimination
→ riots, violent conflict


1969

stationing of British troops


1972

Direct Rule (Northern Ireland ruled over from London)


since 1993

peace process
  • e.g. 2007 – disarming of IRA


March 2009

assault
→ two British soldiers dead
→ possible spiral of violence



[Bearbeiten] India and Pakistan

largest colony of British Empire


1943

great famine
→ 1 – 3 million dead
→ anti – British feeling intensifies


March 1944

Indian National Army declares war on Great Britain and pushes into India from Burma


since 1945

six years of rule by the Labour party
→ less enthusiasm for empire


midnight August 14 – 15, 1947

creation of the independent states of India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)
→ West Pakistan (Pakistan), East Pakistan (Bangladesh)
  • reason: passive resistance against the government led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru (Quit India movement)
  • Muslim League (leader: Ali Jinnah) demands own state
→ rioting between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims
one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan


today

outsourcing of jobs
immigration to Great Britain
→ prejudices (Enoch Powell)



[Bearbeiten] An English-Speaking World

500

Englisc – few people, little influence


end of 16th century

5 – 7 million, only England

100 years later

750 million, half of those as a mother tongue

end of 20th century

the language of the planet 350 million as a mother tongue, 1/10 of the world` s population
most important:
  • technical and scientific terms
  • business
Von „http://abitur.wikia.com/wiki/Englisch“